The Aristotle And Immanuel Kant - 1655 Words

The philosophers Aristotle and Immanuel Kant express the sources of virtuous and dutiful actions in a similar, yet different way. Both philosophers agree that an action has moral worth, when it is preformed for its own sake. However, the difference contains a more significant meaning. Aristotle believes that pleasure can be included when preforming an action; while Kant believes that a duty is preforming the right action without the need of inclinations. In this paper, I will present a similarity and difference between Aristotle’s concept of a virtuous act and Kant’s discussion of dutiful action. In The Nicomachean Ethics, The source of a virtuous action happens when your passions and thoughts are balanced. It is balanced when there is†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Aristotle believes when the virtuous person does an action only through the sake of it self there is no other means to the end and one will eventually become virtuous. However, when the action is preformed for the sake of something else, then a person will not reach the highest form of virtue. The reason for this is when the action that is preformed for the sake of something else, then it will not reach complete happiness because it will always desire more. Therefore, happiness is the highest act of virtue because it is the only end in every action we preform. A person that preforms an action for the sake of being happy requires many steps to eventually reach the stage of happiness. When there are steps involved to reach happiness, then the action is preformed for the sake of something else and not in itself. Such as a person who wants to eat healthier because their end motive is to be happy. Therefore, the action is not preformed for the sake of just to eat healthy but to reach happiness. However, to become virtuous, a person will preform actions that make them virtuous with a firm and unchangeable character. It is a skill that is made through a habit, Aristotle states, â€Å"legislators make the citizens good by preforming habits in them†(NE, P.23), such as preforming acts of bravery. But, a brave person needs to find a balance because being too brave will lead to excessShow MoreRelatedAristotle, Immanuel Kant And Kant2637 Words   |  11 Pagessuccessfully defined it. The philosophers I chose to analyze are Aristotle, Immanuel Kant and G.E. Moore and all three’s interpretations of what Good is and how does one achieve a good life. â€Å"The good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim.† To Aristotle, Good is defined by happiness and the means to which we took to achieve it. This truth is widely accepted, but the issue in this derives from what constitutes happiness. Aristotle attempts to answer this question in Nicomachean. He alsoRead MoreThe Ethical Theories Of Aristotle And Immanuel Kant1910 Words   |  8 Pagesand contrast the ethical theories of Aristotle and Immanuel Kant. The moral philosophies of Kant and Aristotle are dissimilar in the rationale they suggest for moral conduct. Theorists suggest what they believe is a normative ethical approach, which should be utilized as a guide to determining moral conduct. Kant bases his opinions of morality completely on reason, while Aristotle treated the virtuous person as sensing good about being good. Kant and Aristotle share the opinion, that ordinary humanRead MoreThe Principles Of Aristotle, Bertrand Russell, And Immanuel Kant1555 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing true and false. Modern logic descends mainly from the ancient Greek tradition. All three philosophers; Aristotle, Bertrand Russell, and Immanuel Kant theorized the question of what is logic. The greatest and most influential of Platos students was Aristotle, but the works of Aristotle do reflect his teachings from Plato but unlike Plato, Aristotle was concrete and practical. Aristotle defined logic as â€Å"new and necessary reasoning†, â€Å"new† because it allows us to learn what we do not know, andRead MoreImmanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, Plato, and Aristotle: Morals and Ethical Codes1169 Words   |  5 Pageswithout thoroughly exploring their options. Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, Plato, and Aristotle are philosophers that focus on the topic of ethics, yet all have different outlooks. Kant is considered a non-consequentiality, which means he feels the intentions motives, and good will is more important than the results or consequences of an action. The backbone of Kants philosophy is the belief in the fundamental freedom of the individual. Kant did not indicate anarchy, but the idea of self-governmentRead MoreSocrates Plato Aristotle and Immanuel Kant Views on Happiness Government Religion and Objectivity2508 Words   |  11 Pageshappiness, or better yet, where happiness exists is a question that has been pondered by many great thinkers. Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, Plato and Socrates had quite a bit to say on the subject. All of these well-known philosophers have a road map to happiness, religion, passion and objectivity. Yet, their theories differ ultimately in how to go about attaining each of them. For both Plato and Aristotle the good appears to be happiness. For Plato, this is where his interpretation of the meaning of EudaimonismRead MorePhilosophical Analysis of Aristotle883 Words   |  4 Pages Philosophical analysis of Aristotle Many theorists consider Aristotle to be the first person to use the term â€Å"ethics† in naming the field of study that had already been subject to develop by his predecessors Socrates and Plato. Philosophical ethics attempts in offering the rational response to the questions regarding how the human beings live. Aristotle used to be regarding politics and ethics as two related but very separate field of study because ethicsRead MoreKant And Aristotle s Views On Ethics And Morals1480 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Strom Philosophy 300 Class Section 1200 Recitation-Tuesday 10am 2/11/2015 What Is The Highest Good? Immanuel Kant and Aristotle are two of the most prominent philosophers on ethics and morals. Each has their own idea about human life and what the highest good is. It has even been said that in his Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals Kant disproves Aristotle’s view. In order to prove that Kant successfully disproves Aristotle’s theory, we must first understand both theories. After a successfulRead MoreComparing Aristotle And John Stuart Mill1130 Words   |  5 Pagesconcentrate of the famous works of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, and John Stuart Mill. After meticulously analyzing each of the above philosophers’ texts, I personally prefer the position of utilitarian and Benthamite, John Stuart Mill. After comparing and contrasting the positions and reasonings of these philosophers, I will demonstrate my own reasons why I have chosen John Stuart Mill as the most established in his theory of the role of pleasure in morality. Aristotle was a particularly influentialRead MoreSolving Ethical Dilemmas Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesethical interpretations of philosophers Aristotle, Benedict de Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, and myself will be addressed regarding this particular dilemma. Aristotle sought a philosophy of happiness which would be applicable to each individual man. He believed virtue is never absolute. In other words, one rule can never apply to all men. Instead, the individual through lifes experiences must find the source which brings him the most happiness. More importantly, Aristotle reasoned that this source would neverRead MoreGrounding For The Metaphysics Of Morals And On Groveling By Immanuel Kant891 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Kant discusses the second and third translation pieces in â€Å"Key Selections.† In Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals and On Groveling, Kant explains that humans have an animal-like nature. If Kant was charged with the statement, â€Å"Bottom line, humans are nothing more than insignificant creatures with an animal nature,† he would have a mixed response to the charge. Although Kant may not believe that neither humans or animals are insignificant, he would recognize the relation and similarities

Use of Epithets In Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Essay

Use of Epithets In Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Throughout The Iliad and The Odyssey, Homer’s use of the epithet in describing Odysseus becomes essential as a means of characterizing the hero. Homer uses several epithets, or nicknames, along with the name â€Å"Odysseus† as the story unfolds in both tales. Three of these include the descriptive epithet â€Å"wily Odysseus,† the laudative epithet â€Å"Odysseus, the great tactician,† and the patronymic epithet â€Å"Odysseus Laertiades.† Besides their obvious descriptive qualities, each of these epithets function to amplify, enhance, or characterize the hero. Although the epithet â€Å"wily Odysseus† serves a descriptive purpose, it also serves other purposes as well. Actually, this epithet†¦show more content†¦After Penelope is sent away by Telemachus, Athena suddenly appears amidst a bright light before him and Odysseus. The young, brash Telemachus nearly cried out, giving her presence away to others in the house of Odysseus, but Odysseus stopped him, saying, â€Å"Be still: keep still about it: just remember it. The gods who rule Olympus make this light† (Odyssey 354). Here, Odysseus’ quick, yet tactful reply to Telemachus perhaps saved the day, and Telemachus, because he didn’t feel ashamed at his father’s response to his foolishness, maintained his bravery and focused upon the task at hand. Indeed, while the first two examples of epithets seem similar in their descriptive purposes, the last epithet, â€Å"Odysseus Laertiades,† is different in that it is a patronymic epithet. In other words, Laertiades indicates the identity of Odysseus’ father, Laertes. This epithet seems to be used most when Odysseus is addressed formally by another character. One reason for this use might be to qualify Odysseus for respect; although Odysseus is a king himself, he is also the son of another king, Laertes. His pedigree demanded respect, and when he is addressed by this name, it is usually when being approached by others of similar rank and/or status. One such instance occurred in The Iliad when Odysseus and Ajax were sent to persuade Achilles to join the war. After Odysseus’ voiced the Achaeans wishes, Achilles, who was of anShow MoreRelated A Comparison of Homeric Formalism in The Iliad and The Odyssey1339 Words   |  6 PagesHomeric Formalism in The Iliad and The Odyssey Much that is terrible takes place in the Homeric poems, but it seldom takes place wordlessly... no speech is so filled with anger or scorn that the particles which express logical and grammatical connections are lacking or out of place. (from Odysseus Scar by Erich Auerbach)    In his immaculately detailed study comparing the narrative styles of Homer to those of the Bible, Erich Auerbach hits upon one of the most notable intriguesRead MoreThe Odyssey And Trojan Women1684 Words   |  7 PagesWAYS INTRO: Despite difference of around 400 years between them Greek poet Homer and tragedian playwright Euripides explore many of the same themes in their works the Odyssey and Trojan Women (written by each respectively). Both works are inspired by the events of 12th Century BCE Trojan War that Homer previously explored in the Iliad. The two examine the worth of cunning over brute strength, the dangers of temptation and the role of women in their respective time periods. Despite having extremelyRead MoreEssay on Was Troy The Movie Accurate According To Homer?1791 Words   |  8 PagesWas Troy the Movie Accurate According to Homer? Did the movie Troy, released in 2004, accurately depict the story of Homers epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, and was it a good movie from a critical point of view? I think it was a good movie from an entertainment standpoint, but it fell short in its comparison to Homers epics. As a fan of epic movies, I have watched the movie Troy a couple of times. In comparing the movie to the epic, there are various discrepancies betweenRead MoreEssay An Epic Odyssey1544 Words   |  7 Pagesgods, perform great deeds, and have flaws. These tales are told in heightened style and occur in grand settings. Odysseus, the King of Ithaca, meets these traits and is considered a prime example of an epic hero. His story is told in Homer’s The Odyssey and The Iliad. However, Odysseus’s journey sets him apart from other epic heroes. Most heroes follow the hero’s journey, in which a hero begins in the ordinary world, is called to destiny, crosses the threshold, defeats obstacles, receives help, defeatsRead MoreOdysseus as a Tragic Hero2449 Words   |  10 PagesIn every case, these heroic tales would always end with tragedy; the hero would be killed by a jealous lover, go mad, or have a loved one taken away from him. However, one Greek hero existed whose story did not end with tragedy: Odysseus. Homers The Odyssey is unique among all other Greek myths in that it is the only story in which the hero does not meet a tragic end; why is this so? From his words to his actions and from his companions to the way he handles certain situations, Odysseus is vastlyRead MoreThe Odyssey Books 1-4: Notes Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Odyssey Books 1-4: Notes due Friday 1/10 (3/5) and Monday 1/13 (2/4) An Uncertain Identity Prince Telemachus is the first human character whom the reader meets. He is the son of the long-missing Greek warrior Odysseus, King of Ithaca. Telemachus is too young, too untested, too unsure to have a firmly established sense of identity. Having grown up fatherless in a household full of insolent men who are besieging his mother and consuming his inheritance, he feels totally powerless. The goddessRead MoreEssay about Epic Conventions Applied in The Faerie Queene1711 Words   |  7 Pagesto epic character is; hero of the epic has to be a noble such as knight, king etc. and meanwhile s/he has to represent the cultural values of a race, nation or religious group. For instance, Odysseus is the epic hero in the Greek epic called, The Odyssey, in which he embodies the cleverness and cunning characteristic that Greek culture admired or Aeneasis the epic hero in Roman epic, The Aeneid, in which he embodies the patriotism and four cardinal virtues of Catholic belief such as prudence, justiceRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey2866 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"Homer’s Odyssey is the only surviving poem from a cycle of poems called the Nostoi (â€Å"the Returns†), which told of the returns home of the various Greek heroes at Troy† (Norcott, 2012). The Odyssey is one of many accounts of the Greek heroes that took part in the Trojan War. Odysseusâ€℠¢ story was just one that survived after all of these years. The story came out as an Epic only because of how the people revered the heroes as they started many trends, such as Odysseus’ Trojan horse. â€Å"These epics lieRead MoreThe Greeks Used Hesiod s Theogony And Various Heroes Myths2040 Words   |  9 Pagesan inward and significant affinity between the two consecutive products of the same consciousness, that is the Greek mind. This can be evidenced in quite a number of ways, some more complex than others. Among the Pre-Socrates, I will give two to use as examples of how the Theogony’s explanation of the world around them never fully ceases, even when they are attempting to part with it. Anaximander attempted to give a naturalistic explanation of the world bases on a fundamental principle – an archeRead More Compare and Contrast the Divine Machinery of Odyssey and Aeneid3322 Words   |  14 PagesCompare and Contrast the Divine Machinery of the Odyssey and the Aeneid       The Aeneid is a poem of Fate, which acts as an ever-present determinant, and as such Aeneas is entirely in the hands of destiny. The unerring and inexorable passage of fate, assisted by the Gods intervention, is impossible to prevent and its path does create many victims along the way, who are expendable for Rome to be created. In the Aeneid, mortals suffer, no matter what they do or how good a life they lead and they

Reckless Endangerment or Street Racing Free Essays

Alex Larson February 9, 2009 Writing 122 Reckless Endangerment or Street Racing? One well known fact is that teens, males in particular, like to drive at higher speeds, sometimes resulting in street racing. It is a big problem and causes deaths all over the United States and tragedy to many families. Some people say cracking down on teens by way of police force is how to solve the epidemic. We will write a custom essay sample on Reckless Endangerment or Street Racing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Others, such as Denver Post columnist Leonard Sax, and San Diego State University professor Stephen Bender, believe it would be wise to institute a supervised street racing program for teens. What both sides are trying to achieve is a lowered death rate of young teenagers looking for a little thrill. One side wants to have a bigger crackdown on street racers. The Denver Post article supports programs against such racers. The Los Angeles Police Department has implemented the tactic of confiscating supped-up racing cars to prevent their use in street racing; and Denver wants to copy the idea. The author suggests the other side’s solution: supervised, legal, track racing (Authorities. ) Presenting another idea, Leonard Sax and Stephen Bender have supported and started, respectively, RaceLegal. RaceLegal is a supervised racing event at San Diego Stadium. On Friday nights teenage boys and young men get together and do drag racing on the four-laned, one-eighth mile track (Leonard. ) According to Sax’s article, similar programs have begun in Atlanta, Las Vegas, and Muncie, Indiana. In Noble, Oklahoma they are mimicking Bender’s idea. A fifteen dollar admission gets you into Thunder Valley Raceway Park to see or participate in â€Å"Beat the Heat. † This program takes a different twist, with participants racing in their own cars against local cops in their cop cruisers (Leonard. Sax claims that education to stop teens isn’t helping stop the â€Å"epidemic,† as Bender refers to it, but may actually catalyze it. Teenage boys like to do what they’ve been told is too dangerous to do, so naturally speeding when told not to, is the result. He believes allowing legal racing will calm teens down on public roads (Leonard. ) Both sides do have go od programs to prevent untimely deaths. Taking racing teens off the road or taking their cars away would solve the problem. However, being one of those eighteen year-olds with a red sports ar and a bit of a lead foot, I would respond much better to moving my activity off the public road to a track than being pulled over for being a teen with a fast car. The ability to race elsewhere would definitely stop me from driving as fast on public streets. A legal racing league seems to be a well accepted idea; the Denver Post article, which talks about implementing police action, even alludes to the implication of such a program; just their idea tweaks it so that teens are not allowed to race, which kind of defeats the purpose and doesn’t complete the objective at hand, which is solving the teen street racing epidemic. Works Cited Denver Post. â€Å"Authorities Should Stop Teens from Engaging in Street Racing. † Opposing Viewpoints: Cars in America. Ed. Andrea C. Nakaya. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Rogue Community College Library. 10 Feb. 2009 http://ezproxy. roguecc. edu:2080/ovrc/. Leonard Sax. â€Å"Teens Should Be Encouraged to Participate in Supervised Street Racing. † Opposing Viewpoints: Cars in America. Ed. Andrea C. Nakaya. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Rogue Community College Library. 10 Feb. 2009 http://ezproxy. roguecc. edu:2080/ovrc/ How to cite Reckless Endangerment or Street Racing, Essay examples

Youth Work for Drug and Alcohol Abuse - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theYouth Work for Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Answer: Assessment of co-existing needs There are high rates of mental illness among people suffering from autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disabilities, drug and alcohol abuse, physical disabilities, problematic gambling and brain injuries. Therefore, coexisting disorders refers to clients who report mental illness and substance abuse. This part of the assessment will focus on three clients who reported mental disorders along with coexisting needs. The interviews will provide a gateway to the health of the clients. There were three patients. Mr. Borgart was suffering from paranoid schizophrenia. Mr. Sly was the second client who reported symptoms of severe depression and had made several suicide attempts. Ms. Townsend was the third client suffering from acute psychotic disorder. Mr. Borgart and Mr. Sly were questioned for the interview. Interview 1 (Mr. Borgart) Where are you from? I am from the Logan village in Queensland and 55 years of age. Are you employed? I owned a flower shop. My recent mental illness worsened my condition and I was unable to work properly. Presently, my son looks after my business. Have you ever been to a psychiatric hospital? Yes, I have been admitted to the hospital twice by my son and am currently under medications. What symptoms do you generally manifest? I have become suspicious of my family members and think that my son is trying to poison me. I feel social withdrawal and difficulty to sleep. I often hear strange sounds that instruct me to jump off my terrace. Do these sounds seem real? Oh, yes. Did you try to follow their instructions? Yes, I tried to jump off the terrace but my son saved me. Interview 2 (Mr. Sly) Where are you from? I am from Cabarlah, Queensland and have been living there since birth. Are you employed? I am working as an assistant at a childcare centre. Tell me about the mental issues you face I feel hopeless and irritable all the time. I do not feel the urge to go to work everyday and find it difficult to concentrate and remember details. I often get suicidal ideation and have attempted suicide thrice, but failed to succeed. How is your relationship with family? My family thinks my behavior is normal and did not take any initiative for a doctors appointment. My friends provided me assistance and support and helped me meet a doctor to treat my condition. On interviewing the two clients I realized that Mr. Borgart faces impaired awareness. Although the client knew that he had a most disorder, he sought treatment for it. I found massive denial of the reality of hallucinations to be a primary concern (Barcg and Ceaser 2012). On the other hand, a person does not recovery fromdepressionovernight. Encouragement from family and leads a patient to a healthier lifestyle and assists them to maintain a positive outlook (Levens, Elrahal and Sagui 2016). Family support helps in improving wellness of the patients. Moreover, I realized that it is necessary for the family to recognize the warning signs of suicidal thoughts among such patients to prevent adverse outcomes (Turecki and Brent 2016). Lack of adequate family support worsened Mr. Slys condition. My future actions to achieve the intended goals would be: Approach schools to support education among students with mental illness Create a befriending program with community support to assist patients Develop mass awareness through posters and pamphlets to reduce stigma and discrimination Build collaboration between schools and communities to train peers for providing mental support (Kawakami and Kobayashi 2015) Strength based interventions depend on focusing that that humans have capacity for growth and change. Often people have knowledge needed to define the problems of their situations. This helps in deciphering the potential solutions. Resilience plays another role. In spite of struggling with the reactions of the society and family, mental patients continue with their life and face their struggles. Moreover, people need to be responsible and valued members of a community or group. Individual meetings establish trust and set treatment goals. Collaborative work identifies the strengths and risks of a client and help in formulating therapeutic interventions. Duty of care involves working in a way that will reduce the harm or injury to the patient. The mental health workers are expected to abide by the legal and ethical protocols of the healthcare setting to provide holistic treatment to the patients (Townsend 2014). I realized that one risk factor is in the breakdown of employees in psychiatric treatment. Discrimination of mental patients is another risk factor. The stakeholders such as the government agencies, academic institutions, traditional health workers, consumers, family groups, mental health workers and managers of health services will be sent a written documentation of the data collected to illuminate them on the data that has been collected (Keogh et al. 2017). They will be assured that informed consent had been taken from all clients prior to the interview and their personal information will not be shared to the authorities. Case review An interview was conducted for two clients suffering from schizophrenia and depression disorder respectively. Upon questioning it was found that there were several barriers that prevented improvement of their outcomes. The primary barrier n the first patient was the presence of hallucinations and suspicion that made him mistrust his son and follow the auditory instructions, which could lead to adverse outcomes. The second patient does not receive family support and this acts a major barrier to treatment compliance. The patients would require extensive psychotherapy medications and collaboration between the community and health organizations would improve their symptoms. Homelessness is defined by an extreme stage of poverty where the individual is living with the instability of housing and insufficiency of income (Chamberlain, Johnson and Robinson 2014). However, some of them are termed as Under Housers or who are at the risk of homelessness (Flatau et al. 2013). Here, in this assessment, interview with three of such people were conducted where these people were at the risk of homelessness or were suffering from it. These people are Yohana (23) who is a former worker of a cake factory in Sydney, Ryan (25)Construction worker, and Will (30) unemployed and thrown out of his own house. Interview 1 (Yohana) Where are you from? How did you ended up been here? Goulburn. I used to live there with my uncle untilI finished my high school.I came here in Sydney and started working as a labour in the cake factory, because I did not had any higher study degree. Further, due to peer pressure I started taking drugs. This hampered my work in the factory and hence, my boss fired me from my job. My uncle also refused to accept me in his house. Do you feel safe on the streets of the Sydney? Yes. However, I have been attacked several times violently; the Sydney police have helped me to survive on the streets of the Sydney. Did you ever felt gender or cultural discrimination? Yes, I feel it every day. People taunt me; tease me due to my gender. I have been attacked due to my race or cultural background. Why do not you go to the shelter housed provided by the government? I went to that but the environment was not good for me. People were discriminating me because of my gender and race. Therefore, I decided to stay in this central park Street. Interview 2 (Ryan) Where are you from? How did you ended up been here? I am from Sydney and I am working in a construction place as a labour. I live on the streets of the Sydney with my mother. We are poor and the daily wages I get from my job is not enough for me to rent a house in Sydney. Do you feel safe on the streets of the Sydney? No. my mother and I live in fear on the streets of this city. Robbers have tried to steal our belongings. Did you ever felt gender or cultural discrimination? Yes for my mother, it is difficult to stay alone on the streets. We are aboriginals and therefore people discriminate with us. Why do not you go to the shelter housed provided by the government? I went to that place, but people over there did not accepted us, therefore I left that place. Currently I live nearby my construction site. Interview 3 (Will) Where are you from? How did you end up here? I stay in Sydney in a rented place. I used to work in a garage but due to the death of the owner, the garage has been closed. Now I am about to lose my rented place and therefore, I am on the verge of homelessness. Are you looking for other Jobs? Yes. However, no one is ready to offer me a job because of my drinking habits and my race. Can you afford another place? No. I used to get very less wages. Therefore, I do not have any savings. What will you do if you become homeless? I am very afraid. I am trying to search a job as soon as possible. However, if I become homeless I will go to the Shelter homes provided by the government. I hope people over there will be friendly and genuine. Assessment from these interviews From the above three interviews, where two of them were homeless and one was about to lost his shelter has mentioned several aspect of this homelessness (Tsemberis, Kent and Respress 2012). Each homeless people said that, they are facing gender, cultural and racial discrimination. The government shelters are not enough to provide them security and safety. It is quite evident from the interview that poverty is the only reason of their homelessness. They were taught about the rules and regulations that have been made by the government to fulfill their basic needs (Krausz et al. 2013). Role of the stakeholders The stakeholders such as the local government, police, health department, shelter house workers, their former employers and the existing family members will be informed about their state in a written document (Berwick, Nolan and Whittington 2017). Their situations would not be disclosed, however, they would be informed about the risk factors they are suffering from. These informations will be stored securely and the Australian human rights will be informed about the issue to provide these homeless people with their basic needs (Guerrero, Henwood and Wenzel 2014). One of the greatest challenges that the youth of the current age is facing is the unavoidable inclination of the youth to the substance and alcohol abuse. The rate of young adults inclined to the substance abuse has spiked considerably in the past year and the number continues to rise further. According to the recent statistics close to 500000 young adults of Australia are living at the risk of addiction (Lea et al. 2015). That is the reason the Australian department of health has taken into consideration the importance of preventative and promotional health program for the addicted youth, and the division of AOD is devoted entirely to promoting and facilitating the health and wellbeing of the Australian youth who have been devoured by addiction (Hilarski 2013). As a youth worker myself, the policies and practice protocols of the AOD have been extremely helpful in guiding me in the process of handling the clients and helping them towards a better life path. For instance, the policy protocol of the AOD mandates opting for the systems thinking approach while handling the clients. Now it has to be mentioned in this context that the AOD sector considerably takes into account the problems of a addicted individual in the context of homelessness. Drawing example from my own personal experience, two of my clients that I have interviewed had been young and homeless along being addicted to alcohol and drugs respectively. However, according to the framework of AOD, alcohol or drug abuse is a complex behavior, and there are various internal and external risk factors associated with the issue of homelessness and abuse, and while eliciting information about the clients one this sensitive issues critical thinking skills need to employed like compassionate and persuasive questioning, listening approach and complex risk assessment (Ewer et al. 2015). As a youth worker, one of the greatest restrictive challenges that I have seen the young addicts face is the shame and discrimination according to the practice standards of the AOD, the assessment procedure needs to employ non-discriminating and non-judgmental approach. Judgmental approach can often be interpreted as insulting or patronizing to the clients which in turn can contribute to growing resilience and non-compliance. Hence, I ensured maintaining professional boundaries while assessing or working with the clients so that my approach did not appear as judgmental to the clients. Another very important requirement for a youth worker is to make the client comfortable in the care facility which will not only restore the mental health of the client but also incorporates a sense of safety and wellbeing (Davis and Kelly 2012). In order to do so, I have attempted to facilitate acceptance of the condition of client in my approach and have taken efforts to assess his situation without contradicting is personal beliefs or values. A key sector in the AOD framework is promoting self determination of the client while motivating him to recover from the addiction. In my own experience as a youth worker I have observed clients investing higher efforts in trying to implement the preventative strategies to avoid alcohol or drugs when they have actively participated in designing those strategies. Hence, I have tried to involve my clients more into the decision making procedure of care planning so that they understand the severity of their own issues and foresee the impact that the preventative strategies can make. Client centeredness is an extremely important aspect of youth work as the strategies implemented for one person might not yield any result for another. For instance, one of my client had been an orphan slum worker with alcohol addiction and anger management issues, while the other had been a drug addict who had gone astray from a considerably good socio-economic background. For both of them I have employed a client centered approach fr each of them taking into account the specific needs and the specific triggers leading them, to the present condition while planning their care (Health.gov.au. 2017). The legislative guidelines of the AOD sector of Australia, client privacy and confidentiality needs to be maintained at all circumstances. In my own practice I have attempted to maintain the confidentially of the clients optimally while informing the key stakeholders about their situation and the risk factors they are under. However, as some of the information shraed by th client needs to be conveyed so that necessary care actions can be taken. Hence, I have also ensured that the client signed a permission to exchange information consent form. Although I have taken optimal care to ensure that minimal and unavoidable information is shared and the private information are maintained in a secure manner (Brown et al. 2016). References Barch, D.M. and Ceaser, A., 2012. Cognition in schizophrenia: core psychological and neural mechanisms.Trends in cognitive sciences,16(1), pp.27-34. Berwick, D.M., Nolan, T.W. and Whittington, J., 2017. The triple aim: care, health, and cost.Health affairs. Brown, A., Rice, S.M., Rickwood, D.J. and Parker, A.G., 2016. Systematic review of barriers and facilitators to accessing and engaging with mental health care among at?risk young people.Asia?Pacific Psychiatry,8(1), pp.3-22. Chamberlain, C., Johnson, G. and Robinson, C. eds., 2014.Homelessness in Australia. UNSW Press.https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=gfKLBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT8dq=homelessness+in+australiaots=k-N_VG31whsig=4sybq1qQfqwgKMWWC9NnSlwE_bY#v=onepageq=homelessness%20in%20australiaf=false Davis, C. and Kelly, J., 2012. Risk-taking, harm and help-seeking: Reported by young people in treatment at a youth alcohol and drug counselling service.Youth Studies Australia,31(4), p.35. Ewer, P.L., Teesson, M., Sannibale, C., Roche, A. and Mills, K.L., 2015. The prevalence and correlates of secondary traumatic stress among alcohol and other drug workers in Australia.Drug and alcohol review,34(3), pp.252-258. Flatau, P., Conroy, E., Spooner, C., Edwards, R., Eardley, T. and Forbes, C., 2013. Lifetime and intergenerational experiences of homelessness in Australia. Guerrero, E.G., Henwood, B. and Wenzel, S.L., 2014. Service integration to reduce homelessness in Los Angeles County: Multiple stakeholder perspectives.Human Services Organizations Management, Leadership Governance,38(1), pp.44-54. Health.gov.au. (2017).Department of Health | Module 11: young people and drugs - issues for workers. [online] Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/phd-pub-illicit-tfwi11-cnt.htm [Accessed 5 Nov. 2017]. Hilarski, M.C., 2013.Addiction, assessment, and treatment with adolescents, adults, and families. Routledge. Kawakami, N. and Kobayashi, Y., 2015. Increasing Worker Participation: The Mental Health Action Checklist. InDerailed Organizational Interventions for Stress and Well-Being(pp. 175-182). Springer Netherlands. Keogh, B., Skrster, I., Doyle, L., Ellil, H., Jormfeldt, H., Lahti, M., Higgins, A., Meade, O., Sitvast, J., Stickley, T. and Kilkku, N., 2017. Working with Families Affected by Mental Distress: Stakeholders' Perceptions of Mental Health Nurses Educational Needs.Issues in Mental Health Nursing,38(10), pp.822-828. Krausz, R.M., Clarkson, A.F., Strehlau, V., Torchalla, I., Li, K. and Schuetz, C.G., 2013. Mental disorder, service use, and barriers to care among 500 homeless people in 3 different urban settings.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology,48(8), pp.1235-1243. Lea, T., Bryant, J., Ellard, J., Howard, J. and Treloar, C., 2015. Young people at risk of transitioning to injecting drug use in Sydney, Australia: social disadvantage and other correlates of higher levels of exposure to injecting.Health social care in the community,23(2), pp.200-207. Levens, S.M., Elrahal, F. and Sagui, S.J., 2016. The role of family support and perceived stress reactivity in predicting depression in college freshman.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,35(4), pp.342-355. Townsend, M.C., 2014.Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis.https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=do5sBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR5dq=mental+health+duty+of+careots=3SQ1ySLO0Usig=oZ49ABTjZCvRcGEui8NQRePOhBo#v=onepageq=mental%20health%20duty%20of%20caref=false Tsemberis, S., Kent, D. and Respress, C., 2012. Housing stability and recovery among chronically homeless persons with co-occuring disorders in Washington, DC.American Journal of Public Health,102(1), pp.13-16. Turecki, G. and Brent, D.A., 2016. Suicide and suicidal behaviour.The Lancet,387(10024), pp.1227-1239.

Why I Choose Culinary Arts Essay Example For Students

Why I Choose Culinary Arts Essay Professional cooking is a system based on a knowledge of and appreciation for ingredients and procedures (Lebanese 4). HISTORY In 1 765, a Parisian named Ballooner began advertising on his shop sign that he served soups, which he called restaurants or restoratives, Before this trine, the great chefs were employed in the houses of French nobility. In those days, restoratives, like all other cooked foods offered and purchased outside the home, were made by guild members. Each guild had a monopoly of preparing certain food items. There were separate guilds for rotisserie cooked the main cuts of meat), patisseries (who cooked poultry, pies and tarts), trainers (who made ragouts), and Porte-shapes (caterers vivo organized feasts and celebrations (Lebanese 4). Balladeers establishment was closed after a lawsuit brought by the guild whose members accused Ballooner Of infringing on their exclusive right to sell prepared dishes. Ballooner won in court and later reopened his establishment. Customers were served family style. We will write a custom essay on Why I Choose Culinary Arts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Balladeers contribution to the food industry was to serve a variety of foods prepared on premises to customers whose primary interest was fine dining (Lebanese 4). EDUCATION There are a growing number of aspiring cooks who are now becoming chefs and head cooks. Being a professional chef or head cook does not require any formal training. However, for anyone interested in a lifelong career as a chef, training and earning a degree is an essential part of making it happen. Culinary certifications differ depending on the kind of job youre seeking, and different bobs require specific training. A certification in culinary arts shows competence that can lead to advancements and higher pay positions. This training can he obtained from training at community colleges, technical schools, culinary arts schools, and 2-year and a-year institutes. There are several levels of certifications that are available in this field. Students may obtain a certificate, an associates degree, or a bachelors degree Associates Degree To obtain an associate degree in culinary arts, students must attend formal training. The course takes usually two years to complete. In addition to the culinary classes that helps the students to become better cooks; the students must also attend several Of Other courses. These courses include: * English; * Math; * Human resource management: * Purchasing; Info systems for hospitality: * Social/ behavioral science; and Humanities/ fine arts. Most programs also require that students obtain experience in a commercial kitchen. This can be done through an internship. Certificate CAREERS There is an array of different careers available in the culinary field. The career choices include executive chefs, souse chefs, pastry chefs, personal chefs, and private household chefs. Executive Chef An executive chef is primarily responsible for overseeing the operation of a kitchen. They coordinate the work Of their souse chef and Other cooks. The title Of executive chef sounds as if this would be the head cook; on the contrary, usually the executive chef has minimum involvement in the food preparation. Executive chefs are generally preoccupied by administrative tasks; therefore. They spend little time in the kitchen. The executive chef typically does the following : *Check the freshness of food and ingredients; * Develop recipes and determine how to present the food; * Plan menus and ensure uniform serving sizes and quality of meals; Inspect supplies, equipment, and work areas for cleanliness and functionality; * Hire, train, and supervise cooks and other food preparation workers; * Order and maintain inventory of food and supplies needed to ensure efficient operations; and * Monitor sanitation practices and ensure that kitchen safety standards are followed. An executive chef should possess the six following traits: * Judgment; k Dedication; * Taste; k pride; Skill; and k Knowledge (Lebanese 15). Souse Chefs A souse chef is second in command in the kitchen. Souse chefs are cooks Who supervises food production and who reports to the executive chef. Salaries There are a few factors that can influence the salary tot chef. These factors include: * Type of dining establishment; k Location of the establishment: * Experience; k Education; * Specific responsibilities; k General economic conditions; and * Size of the establishment.

Meiosis vs. Mitosis essays

Meiosis vs. Mitosis essays Major Comparisons Between Meiosis and Mitosis The two processes of nuclear division are similar as in they allow cells to divide and reproduce, but they also have many differences. Meiosis is the type of nuclear division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. In meiosis, the diploid number of chromosomes is reduced to the haploid number. Gametes have the haploid number, while zygotes have the diploid number. The homologous chromosomes that appear in the zygote look alike and have the same length and centromere position, but the genes they hold may be for opposing traits. After duplication, the homologues become sister chromatids that are joined together at the centromere. Meiosis also has two cell divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. Synapsis occurs at the start of meiosis I. The lining up of the homologues results in a bivalent, two homologous chromosomes that stay together during the initial phases of meiosis I. After synapsis, the homologous chromosomes separate and the daughter cells have one copy of each kind of chromosome. During meiosis II, the daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles, leaving the chromosomes with only one chromatid each. The main purpose of meiosis is to keep the chromosome number constant generation after generation. If not for meiosis, the chromosome number would continue to increase inevitably. It also ensures that genetic recombination will occur. Genetic recombination makes it so that offspring do not have the same combination of genes as their parents. One way this is achieved is through crossing-over. Crossing-over is the process of distribution of the homologues to different daughter cells during synapsis. The genetic instructions from a mother and father are mixed and the joined chromatids are no longer identical. The other key way for genetic recombination to occur is through independent assortment. When homologues align at the metaphase plate, the mate ...

Selective Media Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Selective Media - Lab Report Example Selective media has a limited number of microorganisms it can support in growth because the particular component inhibits most other microorganisms by either limiting their growth or production of toxic substance that inhibit growth of non-selected microbes hence appropriate in the selection of target microorganisms during diagnosis. Diagnostic procedures utilising growth characteristics of enteric microorganisms is one of the cheapest and the easiest microbiological protocol that can be adopted in any low-income laboratory or a facility with high throughput diagnostic equipments. During the diagnosis of enteric medical conditions, use of growth media in the diagnosis of microorganisms gives reliable information that guides subsequent diagnostic studies that aims at targeting a particular pathogen. However, the growth of microorganisms is a characteristic of the media used in the assessment of growth. All media do not support the growth of all pathogens. In fact, only nutrient agar can support the growth of most microorganisms. Therefore, utilising a particular media that targets an individual pathogen is a crucial phenomenon in bacterial culture laboratory practices. Media are made selective for a particular microorganism by the incorporation of growth enhancement component that targets a particular pathogen as well as growth limiting component that inhibits the growth of unwanted organisms. Such media is referred to as selective media because it either enhances or inhibits the growth. Using selecting media makes it easy to discriminate most unwanted pathogens that arise from environmental contamination and likely to give false positive diagnosis. This report assessed the growth, morphology characteristics, differential colony features of the four selected microorganisms (E. coli, Salmonella tyhimum, Shigella flecked, and Staphylococcus spp) on five selected selective media (Phenylethyl alcohol – PEA; Hektoen enteric agar- HEK;

Communicable Diseases for District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia Assignment

Communicable Diseases for District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia - Assignment Example Health officials moved with speed to intervene such that by 16th November, the number of deaths significantly dropped to 5,000. The epidemic was one of the worst in the American history. The influenza had a high virulence hence not easy to contain. The influenza is believed to have been transmitted by sailors in Norfolk (Dinh et al., 2006). About 200,000 people were reportedly infected within the first month of the outbreak. The District of Columbia was hit by the dengue fever epidemic in late September, 2010. By October 1st, 160 cases had been reported. The dengue fever spread exponentially such that by October 8th, about 2000 people had been infected with the flu. 450 victims of dengue fever were reported by mid October (Modis et al., 2004). By the third week of October, 750 people had been infected with the virus. The dengue fever was feared to become a pandemic in the rural areas and along the border. It took the intervention of the health and State authorities in Columbia to warn the people about the high prevalence of the fever along the borders since the disease is mostly transmitted through water and humidity (Gubler, 2002). To effectively contain the disease, there was need for the government of Columbia to work hand in hand with the authorities in regions neighboring Columbia. There was an Ebola outbreak in Reston, Virginia in 1989. An outbreak spread relatively fast; however it was nonlethal to humans. Several lab monkeys died, though. Many people tested positive. It was a unique Ebola outbreak in the U.S. history. Although the Ebola virus could only kill monkeys, it was a major health scare (Geisbert et al., 1992). Fortunately, the U.S. authorities were able to move with speed to contain the Reston virus. Patients exposed to the virus never really got sick. Many Americans viewed the Reston crisis as a health horror. Health officials who tried to contain the situation were exposed to the virus, albeit

Reflective account on disability and society Essay

Reflective account on disability and society - Essay Example I subscribe more to the social model of disability which faults society in discriminating against individuals with disabilities. It is not their fault that they were born or acquired impairments that limits their abilities to function normally like the majority. It is a good thing that this point was realized by lawmakers who have created legislations to support and protect them such as the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) and the Equality Act that replaced it. Positive social models encourage society to provide opportunities to disabled individuals such as inclusion in education and equal opportunities in employment. Enabling and empowering them makes a huge difference in their lives and helps boost their self-esteem in the realization that their rights as human beings are respected. I was more concerned with children with disabilities. They are just beginning their lives and if society looks down upon them in their young age and are not given the support they need, then hopes for a better future are significantly reduced. This deprives society of possible contributions which may further help in its growth and progress. Individuals who have disabilities such as Nick Vujicic, Hellen Keller, Franklin Roosevelt, Albert Einstein, and more have gone on to be successful in their lives despite their disabilities. If they were not given the chance early on to develop their skills, then it would have been a huge loss to society. It is amazing how science has brought about positive developments in medical, behavioural and educational interventions to help people with disabilities. Various therapies have been designed to address the needs of different illnesses and developmental disorders. Inclusive strategies both in educational institutions and workplaces have been embracing the diverse conditions of the disabled population. What is more heart-warming is the collaboration of various agencies to provide multi-agency support so that all aspects of the disabled

Maintaining Project Management in the Built Environment

Maintaining Project Management in the Built Environment â€Å"The UKs construction industry has been enjoying a period of strong growth, with the infrastructure and the commercial construction sectors at the forefront of this trend.† (Corporate watch, 2004) The environmental groups of UK, such as the Construction Industry Environmental Forum (CIEF), The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), Envirowise, Construction Industry Council (CIC), Defra, Environment Agency, Corporate Watch, etc. are more cautious and active to built environment specifically in the UK construction industry. Their one of the main objectives is to improve the sustainability and environmental performance of construction. Thus it need a well organized preplan and to maintain it; that means project management. Now the question come that, does it really important to maintain a project management in the built environment specifically in the UK construction industry.  · Background: There is no doubt that the construction industries in built environment today face more challenges than in the past. The modern business environment is operating in a highly turbulent time. Demand for operational activities to achieve effectiveness and efficiency, the environment has increased the need for organizational accountability both in public and private sector. The UK construction industry is a growing sector and developing day by day. In this case project management is viewed as a tool that helps the organization to carry out selected project effectively and efficiently. This project management tool in the built environment does not guarantee the project success. It has been seen that some project completed within the determined time and meet all requirements, but has not succeed. On the other hand, some project perceived as successful though they have failed to meet the most important criteria. However, in a project environment, the project management can provide the achievement of project and organizational goals. In addition, project management presents a greater assurance to the stakeholders that all resources are utilized and managed effectively. â€Å"Projects fail at an alarming rate. Quantitative evaluations show that as many as 30% of projects are cancelled before completion, wasting all the time money and effort spent on them. Surviving projects usually fail to deliver the full initial project scope or deliver late or overrun the budget†. (William, 2002). Project management is very important when consequence is absence of proper project management or project management is not applied properly to the projects. Continues changes in project scope, the demand for efficient project management is emerged to maximize the resources. â€Å"Effective project management will help: meet or exceed customer expectations, maximize the use of your resources (time, people, money, space, etc.), bring the project to a successful conclusion on time and within budget, document what was done for any need of future reference, and build confidence in your team for future projects†. (Glenn ,2007)  · Aims of the dissertation: The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the importance of project management in the built environment, specifically in the UK construction industry.  · Method of the dissertation: The method of this dissertation is external referencing. Journals and reference books are used as the source of data to this dissertation. Materials are collected on the internet, libraries and other mediums of research.  · Results: One or two sentences indicating the main findings. For the touch of globalization and worldwide competition construction firms are not concern with accomplish the work within the time limit and budget; and get profit, They are competing with how efficiently, accurately accomplish the project with highest amount profit as well as proper implementation of the project.  · Conclusions: One sentence giving the most important consequence of the work. 2. To assess the significance, structure and execution of Project Management in built environment principally in the UK construction industry. Construction Industry Environmental Forum, UK says that their objectives and mission is to improve the sustainability and environmental performance of construction, by providing a cross-sector and independent forum for the exchange of new ideas and demonstration of best practice. 2.1. The objectives of Construction Industry Environmental Forum Their objectives are Demonstrate the implementation and value of sustainability best practice To identify the barriers and promote practical solutions To provide briefings on the latest legislative changes To showcase examples of best practice and innovation, and the business benefits To assist in the production of appropriate best practice guidance To promote research in sustainable construction Disseminate the results of new research and guidance that can help to deliver a more sustainable built environment. 2.2. Key themes of Project Management in built environment principally The key themes are- Biodiversity and wildlife Energy use and climate change Performance measurement Planning urban regeneration Sustainable resource use Contaminated land Environmental management Sustainability accounting and reporting The internal environment Social and corporate responsibility Waste management, recycling and materials Procurement and modern methods of construction 2.3. Illustration Rapid Globalization has made so much pollution that the people of the world are now cautious to build environment friendly construction. Government has imposed many rules and regulations on construction industries. This makes the construction projects more complex to do. Increasing amount of the competition in construction industries are now emphasis on the accuracy and the efficiency of work as well as the environment friendliness. So a proper management and well established plan is needed to face this situation. Thus the necessity of project management came to an question in of project management in the built environment specifically in the UK construction industry. The skills in Project management are not secret art especially in built environment. In regarding construction project success there are some techniques that should be developed. Now let see what a project management means. â€Å"A project is some overall task which has a definable beginning and a definable end. It consists of a number of related and dependent activities, all of which utilize resources, and upon which there are imposed internal and external conditions† (Marttino, 1968) â€Å"Project management in construction is a practical, easy-to-read guide to defining, organizing, planning, and executing a construction project so that it is completed to the satisfaction of the principal stakeholders†.( Research and markets,2004) The Project sponsor receives the projects due. The sponsor owns overall responsibility of directing and organizing for the project. Asides that, the sponsor resolves various issues around scope, schedule, budget, and staffing and accelerates finance for the project. Surely the sponsors want to get profit and frequent money circulation from their investment and invest where they the risk is low. To attract them project management is an attractive tool. Project management ensures optimum performance of their operation, proper use of resources and completes the project within the time limit. 2.4. Basic Elements of project Basically the elements of any project are Operations- the things organization/firm do Resources- the things organization/firm use, consisting of men, money, materials, machines and time. Conditions or restraints- under which organization/firm must work such as deliveries and deadlines. Resources may be fixed, variable or combined. When resources are used efficiently, they are said to be levelled. Planning is done independently of resources consideration. The assigning of resources to a plan determines the schedule automatically. Since duration estimates are only guesses, it is important that dynamic control be maintained. Network analysis is a tool for controlling, as well as planning. â€Å"Even organizations that have established a formal Project Management Office need an executive champion, particularly when the office is understaffed.† (Don, 2007) 2.5. Life cycle of a project Now let see how the Life cycle of a project is Project development and preliminary engineering Bidding and contract negotiation Engineering design Purchase and procurement Construction Commissioning (Prasanna,P-28.8) Figure 2: life cycle of a project (Prasanna,P-28.8) Project management is the primary means which manipulate the organizational strategy. Projects are to be said as unique units of work that put into action the policies and strategies of an organization. â€Å"Construction projects are directly linked with the strategic vision and mission of the organization. As far as owners or operators of physical facilities are concerned, construction projects are the means of supporting their organizational goals. Organizations are constantly faced with new demands on their physical facilities. Owners of facilities are continually re-shaping the way they design and organize their work practices, which in turn directly impacts the performance of their physical facilities.† (Michael,2004) In the field of UK construction industry the importance and need of project management is an important issue, because all organization, whether large or small, at one time or other, are engaged in manipulating new undertakings. â€Å"These undertakings may be diverse, such as, the development of a new product or service; the establishment of a new production line in a manufacturing enterprise; a public relations promotion campaign; or a major building programmers†.(Sandro,2004) The concept of project management is traditionally familiar with construction industry and is widely applied on projects of all sizes and complexity. The role of project management in the construction industry is to put in important value to achieve the successful delivery of projects. Project management function is applicable to all types of projects in built environment. Application of project management to the construction industry is an important component to raise the standards by setting objective standards of competence and encouraging their usage. To achieve the construction project success in the field of built environment the proper criteria should be followed. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) said about them, â€Å"The RICS Project Management Faculty is the home within RICS for professionals who have an interest in the management of construction projects.† (rics.org ) 3. To classify the project management tools and techniques and quantify their influence in the construction project success. â€Å"There is a relationship between time and cost to perform an activity. There is a normal and crash point for both the time and cost of each job.† (Marttino, 1968) Team building, planning, controlling and monitoring, even terminating a project all are the part of the project management function. There are many reasons for which the construction projects are often completed late and the budget exceed the expectation. However, the department of the environment working with the construction industry, that encouraged a number of initiatives to promote improvements of successful construction. Skills of the construction workforce, information technology, research all these needs to be developed to achieve the construction project success. The right process makes built environment easy and application of information technology in the construction industry become available. It is known that high levels of understanding issues facing by the governments and the industry leaders and the applicability of project management provide a theoretical framework for strategic planning and emphasize the tools for research into the economics of the industry. In the field of construction industry promoting the importance of built environment is a significant issue. Construction industry is the process that adding infrastructure to the UK built environment. Commitment to the objective of project management is strong tool to continue and maintain a successful construction project. Excellent communication, well managed team leadership, capability to work at both internal and external levels of project management, being informed about when and how to make trade-offs and concentrating on business goal are to be said the techniques used to achieve the successful delivery of projects. 3.1. International project management The planning exercise provides the project appraiser with the following information- Determination of the major problem areas, Identification of goals and a good matrix to related targets purpose, purpose to objective and objectives to fid development goals, A consideration of alternatives strategies, sector allocations and programmes and a choice between them An identification of alternative project Thus the boundaries of project appraisal are determinate. (Wadhwa, Daver, Rao, -1998) The appraisal of the project is very important which consists of the following steps. Determination of expected contribution of alternatives actions to the various goals. The determination of costs-benefits of the various actions. The determination of a conceptual framework to monitor and evaluate the proposal action.(Wadhwa, Daver, Rao, -1998) So any Project investigation, analyzing, designing, implementing, and managing is done properly by the management. Management directs the project through appropriate process. The process goes through a continuous aspect as the Directing a Project (DP), Starting up a Project (SU), Initiating a Project (IP), Managing Stage Boundaries (MSB), Controlling a Stage (CS), Managing Product Delivery (MP), Closing a Project (CP), Planning (PL).( PRINCE2 2008) 3.2. Times with any project All this processes are related with time boundaries. The time lines are- Earliest start times- the earliest time at which all preceding activities can be accomplished. Latest starting time- the latest time an activities can be starts without delaying the project. Earliest finish time- the earliest possible time at which an activity can be completed. Latest finish time- the latest time and activity can be completed without delaying the project.(Marttino, 1968) Select time line boundaries are very important for a successful project management. Float is a measure of available time verses required time. Jobs without float are said to be critical and lie on the critical path. There are four Kinds of float- Total float- differences required time and maximum time. Interfering float (event slake) the measure of float share by downstream activities Free float measure of excess time when all activities start as early as possible. Independent float the difference between required time and minimum available time.(Marttino, 1968) 3.3. Common Difficulties There are some common difficulties that are playing as a determiner of the success or failure of the project. In a project, capital expenditure decisions are extremely important; they also pose difficulties which stem from three principal sources. Measurement problem Identifying and measuring the cost and benefits of a capital expenditure proposal tends to be difficult. This is more so when a capital expenditure has a bearing on some other activities of the firm (like cutting into the sales of some existing product) or has some intangible consequence (like improving the morale of workers). Uncertainty A capital expenditure decision involves cost and benefits that extend far into the future. It is impossible to predict exactly what will happen in the future. Hence, there is usually a great deal of uncertainty characterising the cost and benefits of a capital expenditure decision. Temporal spread The cost and benefits associated with a capital expenditure decision are spread out over a long period of time. Usually 10-20 years for industrial projects and 20-50 years for infrastructural culture projects. Such a temporal spread creates some problems in estimating discount rates and establishing equivalence. (Chandra, 2007) 4. To evaluate the stages onto which the project management tools and techniques are applied while executing any construction project. It is very important to evaluate the tools and techniques that are used in a project to its successful conclusion. Every steps of a project is very important. The efficiency of the management depends upon the perfect use of its resources. One fault may change the overall condition of the project. 4.1. Capital expenditure decision Capital expenditure decision often represents the most important decision taken by a firm. Their importance stems from three inter-related reasons- Long term effect The consequences of capital expenditure decisions extend far into the future. The scope of current manufacturing activities of a firm is governed targets by capital expenditures in the past. Irreversibility The market for used capital equipment in general is ill -organized. Further, for some types of capital equipment, custom made to specific requirements, the market may virtually be no existent. Once such an equipment is acquired, reversal of decision may mean scrapping be reversed without incurring a substantial loss. Substantial outlays Capital expenditures usually involve substantial outlays. An integrated steel plan, for example, in rolves an outlay of several thousand million. Capital costs lend to increase with advanced technology. (Chandra, 2007) 4.2. Facts of project analysis There are some factors to analysis any project. They are essential to estimate the importance of the project to the firm. According to Chandra, 2007 the factors are- Market analysis this factor determines the need of the project. That means how fruitful will be the project to the society. Technical analysis it determines the capability of the firm to complete the project. Financial analysis it determines the financial capability of the firm to complete the project as well as the profitability of the project. Economic analysis it determines the economic aspects of the project to the society. Ecological analysis it determines the biological aspects of the projects. Basically this is the most important factor to build built environment specifically in the construction industry.(Chandra, 2007) 4.3. Capital budgeting process Capital budgeting is the tool that ensures the outcome from the project and successful conclusion of the project. It is also very important to continue the regular activity and financing. It requires identifying all parties as well as stakeholders related to this project for proper execution of management of the project. First the plan of budgeting should be made than analyze it to determine the necessity and minimize the cost. After this firm should select the priority of financing and select the source of financing. Then implement it and review the effectiveness. The process can be shown as follows. In Capital budgeting process every elements is affecting others. 5. To investigate the role, application and efficacy of project management processes in achieving the successful delivery of projects. There are five resources to complete the project. Basically these are the elements that combine all the factors and tools to complete a project. Man Money Materials Machines and Time The building process maintains follows an identifiable life cycle at the time when important environmental impact occurs. However, this process is result to the function and rules of project management of varying degrees of formality that is liable about the procurement, control, and direction of the resources required. The function project management is practiced as it seeks to continue the explicit and implicit performance factors. â€Å"The roles, duties, and responsibilities of the project manager are examined to establish the positions during the life cycle at which the environmental impact of the building process is determined and the opportunities available to the project manager to exercise environmental responsibility whilst pursuing the satisfaction of explicit performance requirements (cat.inist.fr,1997) Single project management provides the project portfolio management efficiency. The previous research reminds that the single project management is related with project portfolio level outcome. â€Å"A questionnaire survey with 279 firms verifies the hypothesized role of information availability, goal setting and systematic decision making in achieving portfolio management efficiency.†(Miia Pà ¤ivi, 2007, Pages 56-65) So, reaching project management goals and portfolio management efficiency are two different hypothesized links. Project management is known as a general issue, but most of the time so many of us get it wrong. Even if one gets it right once, the next time project is often so disappointment. The reason behind it may be unable to embed project management into all aspect of the organization and dont learn from the mistakes. In the built environment of construction industry the organization needs to consider which projects will delivery strategic objectives. Project management has emerged as a well-built discipline which is practiced by high level of training, certified experts as organizations have come to observe that they would not stay in business if they cannot handle their projects. However, many organizations are still limiting or reducing the application of project management to the tactical level. It is so much important for the organization to stay in the survival of the construction enterprises in built environment. 5.1 Role of Project Management Notably, the role of project management is defined especially by the following strategies:- Executive championship: high level of buy-in decision and the guidance to give support the portfolio manager. â€Å"Even organizations that have established a formal Project Management Office need an executive champion, particularly when the office is understaffed.† (Wessels, 2007) Business acumen: in order to meet the organization objectives, the project managers need to take quick decision about which projects are necessary. A solid project management process: leadership is an important tool to do the excellent job to create strategic portfolio in regarding project management of construction industry. the project managers and their teams should maintain and continue the practice of just-do-it. Timeframes and budgets: the budget and timeframes should be within the control of project so that the projects would not set up for failure from the beginning. It is known that construction industry is sixth largest industry in United Kingdom. So, it is needless to mention the importance of successful project planning and the budgets in a timeframe. The construction industry comprises a huge amount of investment and cost that is to be said unrecoverable. Hence, if the proper implementation does not occur especially in the UK built environment then there is the possibility of a large amount of loss. â€Å"According to the latest figures (April 2003) from the Office of Government Commerce statistics, 569 PFI contracts have been signed in the UK, 418 of which are already operational. The combined capital value of these contracts is  £53 billion, although the value of individual projects ranges from under  £1 million to over  £1 billion. In the construction and property sector, the scope of PFI has been wide-ranging, including roads, bridges, sewage treatment plants, waste incinerators, hospitals, schools, prisons and office accommodation. But despite the large number of projects procured to date, the effectiveness of PFI is still subject to considerable debate.† (emeraldinsight,2008) Requirements analysis: most of the cases it has been viewed that the organization does not follow and meet the proper requirements. This lack leads to a risky result for any type of organization. Stay the course: the benefit of project management is that it helps to stay in the course when the objectives and goals are determined. Whatever the task is, whether it is difficult or easy, staying in the course makes it possible to fulfill. 6. To identify the importance and need of project management with the augmentation of scope and complexity of construction project. It is strongly recommend that the benefit, challenge, objectives, goals, strategies all should be selected in a systematic manner for the better outcome. Furthermore, the stages of project management are to be considered and implemented in a normal procedure. The following diagram shows the stages involved in project management. The above figure suggests that at first the organization would focus on what would be their task and strategy that already mentioned. Then the next step would be to emphasize on how those task and strategy can be implemented. To implement successfully, the organization must have to consider the following criteria in accordance with their objectives: Adequate formulation: the project management helps to formulate the required data and information adequately and make the function more reliable. Sound project organization: sound project organization means how smoothly and efficiently the organization can run. When the proper project is implemented then the organizational activities become functional and easy to retain. Proper implementation planning: whatever the plan is should be implemented properly. The organization needs to follow the right way to make their plan of project effective and desired. It is strongly recommended that the right thing at right way would be implemented at right time and obviously at the right place. Advance action: advance action needs to take before going to consider about any project success. Good project management thinking helps to identify and recognize the advance actions those are needed to run in the built environment of construction industry. The success or final outcome of the effort depends mostly on the proper advance action. Timely available of funds: the project management plays a major role in regarding budget issue. The budget issue is equaled important for achieving the desired success. Barriers are involved when the project is maintained and run. Available of funds is one thing that formulates the process of a successful project outcome. Judicial equipment tendering and procurement: Better contract management: management is to be defined as planning, controlling, organizing and implementing the functional activities. Contract management is the field where all things related with the planning, controlling, organizing and implementing. The more managed contract, the more desired success can be gained. However, project management to success of construction is similar with blood to a body. â€Å"Communication on projects between owners and contractors can sometimes be difficult†. (ehbrunjesassociates.com,2004). In UK construction industry, the external environment is very competitive and challenging. At every step, the organization has to face these challenges and only proper project management can make these challenge completed. Effective maintaining: the well maintenance of project is the heart of successful construction project. In the perspective of UK construction industry, effective maintaining can lead to a high level of success. â€Å"Project Management is not a catch phrase dreamed up by some marketing director. It is a well-developed body of science with its own processes, technologies, certified professionals, trade associations, and body of literature. So far, lawyers have not been a part of that world, but that is about to change†. (Donald,n.d) The importance and need of project management with the augmentation of scope and complexity of construction project cannot be ended in words. The development of project management within a construction industry related organization allows the management teams to work in partnership. Proficiency, locally, nationally or globally the implementation of project management bears some legal and ethical importance. The contribution of project management to a modern developed country like UK is a considerable topic. It is a formal methodology used to ensure that the projects would be completed on time and within the budget. However, project management is used historically in the construction industry, where methodology is firmly established. In the area of project management ability, making decision in a changing environment is the major concern. The rapid growth of project management is to be stated as an indication of a change in business function throughout all organization. It is implemented in construction industry to bring about change in organization platform so that they can lead change in organization. The trinity of project management is time, cost and quality (content or scope). All these things are the major objective function on a project. â€Å"The importance of effective project management is by no means restricted to new plant development and construction†. (Brian, n.d) For careful management, maintenance and plant outage work is necessary, especially for in light of growing competitive pressures. Project management in todays UK construction industry is faced with the challenge whereby the essential roles and functions they are performing witness a gradual shift in focus. To continue and retain their professional competency, application of project management in construction adapt to the changing environment by depending on effi

Obesity Lawsuits by Nancy Hall Essay -- Analysis, Nancy Hall

In Nancy Hall's "Obesity Lawsuits" (2004) essay, Hall is determined to address the problem constantly growing and silently taking lives in America every day, obesity. The author goes on to argue that people should not be suing "fast food companies" (Hall, 2004, p. 113), but rather look at themselves to blame for becoming obese. Americans need to think about their own decisions routinely, exercise to keep the extra weight off and choose meals that are healthier (Hall, 2004). The authors thesis states: "Listening to the subtle nuance emerging from legal debate, we can hear a discernable message that clearly spells out the desperate need for further study, public awareness, and education on obesity in America" (Hall, 2004, p.114). Even though Nancy Hall is not educated on obesity nor holds a degree in Health Sciences, the article is still persuasive because of the emotion placed into words pursued by direct and solid facts laid out on paper (Hall, 2004). Throughout the article, Hall (2004) uses facts and data to show readers how big of a growing concern obesity is becoming in America. However, Johnson-Sheehan & Paine (2010, p. 172) state that "...logos involves more than using logic to prove a point. Logos also involves appealing to someone else's common sense and using examples to demonstrate a point". In the beginning of the paper Hall, uses logos to impact the reader right away and capture their attention . One the author gathers facts from different sources, who have education dealing with obesity and other health fields (Hall, 2004). For instance, Hall quotes "Lisa Harnack and Simone French, associate professors in the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health at the Rhetorical Analysis 3 University of ... ...ence, but the author gathered data from those who are educated in those areas of study. Digging deep in past research, the writer finds experts from areas of study, relating to obesity and other health fields. Since the researchers are experts in those areas, this makes their data solid and reliable to use in her argument (Hall, 2004). Rhetorical Analysis 6 In conclusion, Nancy Hall's "Obesity Lawsuits" (2004), implies solid facts, uses an emotional appeal, and valid points to support her standing on this topic. Overall, Hall's argument is good because of all the techniques used to convey her point and sway the readers' opinion. Hall thinks that the lawsuits will cover up the growing problem in America and not resolve anything. Hall's strong argument will turn the focus from the courts to city streets, in an effort to stop obesity (Hall, 2004).

Passionate Shepherd to His Love

â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† is a pastoral poem that is simple yet idealized. This poem was written by Christopher Marlowe who was an English dramatist. Marlowe is considered to be the father of English tragedy. Christopher Marlowe was the eldest son of a shoemaker and was born on February 6, 1564. Through the entire poem the speaker, who is a shepherd, wants a woman character to come live with him. The speaker goes on to ask her to sit on rocks, and spend time with him. The speaker will make his love gifts and do anything to please her if she will just come live with him. The speaker, form, use of poetic elements, and theme of â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† will be the main discussion in this analysis.Marlow writes this poem in first person. The speaker, which is the shepherd of â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† conducts his poem in a very dreamlike way. The shepherd opens with the invitation: â€Å"Come live with me, and be m y love.† He is not asking her to marry him but only to live with him. The offer is simply put and the speaker suggests that the woman should just as easily agree. The shepherd obviously only wants her for a period of time. Knowing this, it may make the woman question whether or not she should get involved with this man. The speaker lives in an ideal society where everything is perfect.The shepherd does not really have a care in the world because he lives in his world of simplicity, beauty, and love. Everything is good and happy, from the speaker’s point of view. The shepherd is engaged in romantic and innocent love affairs. â€Å"The Passionate Shepard to His Love† not only is written in iambic pentameter, but this form allows Christopher Marlowe to express his skill of pastoral poetry. This poem is very easy to understand because of the way it is written. The rhyme scheme is very obvious and helps with the flow and form of the poem. This poem has artificial lang uage, and the shepherd spoke just like a man who was only really interested in â€Å"spending time† with this woman.Marlowe added sexuality, and created his own tone in the poem. The tone of â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† suggests the pastoral tradition. The shepherd asks the woman to imagine an ideal life that is impossible and ridiculous. In exaggerating and creating these fictional ideas, Marlowe creates a pastoral image of fantasy.The poetic elements of â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† relate to some human senses. Seeing the shepherds feed their flock appeals to the sense of sight. Fragrant posies appeal to the sense of smell. This poem appeals to the human senses so that it appeals to the reader. â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† combines images and involves song like images to the reader.The overall theme of â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† is, in my opinion, love and innocence. This poem celebrates th e passion that young people think they have for others, but in reality they are just curiously looking for love. This poem is a carpe diem poem. The shepherd wants his love to â€Å"seize the day† and come live with him. As was stated earlier, obviously the shepherd wants the woman for just a period of time. This is a fantasy-like setting and the poem is much exaggerated, so carpe diem is to be personified in this type of work.Christopher Marlowe was a talented poet. Marlowe’s works were published at the same time as other world renowned writers, and are to be considered just as influential. A warrant was issued for Marlowe's arrest on May 18, 1593. No reason for his arrest was given, but it was thought to be connected to â€Å"allegations of blasphemy†. He was brought before the Privy Council to be questioned, after which he had to report to them daily. Ten days later, he was stabbed to death by Ingram Frizer. Whether the stabbing was connected to his arrest ha s never been resolved. The overall speaker, form, use of poetic elements, and theme of â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† affects the reader’s attitude toward the poem. Only the present matters in this poem. The obvious theme of the poem is love. The form and poetic elements lead the reader to more sensually enjoy the expression of it.

Communication Differences In The Cultures of The Middle East essays

Communication Differences In The Cultures of The Middle East essays Throughout the world, many different cultures exist in many different countries. It is important to be aware of the many diverse cultures and customs of these countries when visiting them, or conducting business with people within them. Because of these vast cultural differences, especially involving communication, it is very easy to offend someone without even knowing it. In regards to communication, it is important to be aware of the customs of the country or countries you are interacting with. More specifically, Middle Eastern customs are especially different from ours in the United States. If someone were to visit Atlanta from the Middle East, it would be important to be familiar with the way they communicate, as to not end up in uncomfortable situations for you and your guest. When exploring these differences, it is necessary to first get an idea of how Americans are generally perceived by the foreign world. To many around the world, Americans are friendly, outgoing, and less reserved. We are also perceived to be obnoxious, self centered, loud, and arrogant. Many countries around the world are also much more formal in the way they carry themselves in every-day situations. We are considered to be the exact opposite. Being very informal seems to be a quality that many foreigners seem to think Americans possess. Whether or not these qualities about Americans are true is really not the point. This is a general perception acquired by many around the world, for better or for worse. Therefore, in order to gain a better understanding of other cultures, it is necessary to keep in mind the qualities that are believed to be portrayed by ourselves. Once it is understood how we are perceived, you need to look at the customs of the person who is visiting. Specifically speaking, if someone from Saudi Arabia were to visit Atlanta, you would need to explore their culture. ...

Judith Not Wright essays

Judith Not Wright essays Judith Wright is a respected Australian poet is also known as a conservationist and protester. Her poetry has captured the most amazing imagery of Australian Culture. For Australian students to understand their own culture and history it is necessary to study the best poetry and Judith Wrights poetry is definitely some of the best. Her achievement in translating the Australian experience into poetry led in her best work to a rich inheritance of lyricism and directness. Through stories told by older workers on the property she learnt of the pioneers' part in both the destruction of the land and the dispossession and murder of the aboriginal people. The sense of fear she felt at invasion enabled her to understand, at some level, how the Aborigines would have felt. Judith Wright wrote about many things in her poems, which are necessary for Australian students to be taught which apply to learning about Australia. Australian culture is something Judith wrote about very strongly and this shows through her poem Bora Ring. Bora Ring is about the Aborigine culture and how it has been lost by the invasion of Europeans. The hunter is gone: the spear is splintered underground; the painted bodies a dream the world breathed sleeping and forgot. This is an incredible paragraph extracted from Bora Ring. This poem depicts perfectly of the European invasion of Australia. It shows how the traditions and stories are gone, how the hunting and rituals are gone and lost in an alien tale, the Europeans being the aliens. This poem also describes that it seemed as if the tradition of Aborigines was breathed sleeping and forgot. These are powerful words Judith Wright used to show how they Aborigines were quickly invaded and forgotten. This poem is an excellent example of why Australian students should study her poetry. Australian relationships are depicted per ...

Marriage and Relationship Annotated Bibliography

Marriage and Relationship - Annotated Bibliography Example Conversely, couples who did indulge themselves into premarital sex, normally report of having poor sex quality. Primarily, this is due to the deprivation of one’s innocence coupled with mistrust that an individual suffered before where he or she extends it into the marriage. Since, the partners in terms of matters of sex seem to generalize their spouses with the numerous sexual partners, which they had before.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hawkins, A. J., & Ooms, T. (2012). Can Marriage and Relationship Education Be an Effective   Policy Tool to Help Low-Income Couples Form and Sustain Healthy Marriages and   Relationships? A Review of Lessons Learned. Marriage & Family Review, 48(6), 524-  554. doi:10.1080/01494929.2012.677751.  Hawkins and Ooms have synthesized diverse researchers’ findings regarding marriages’ support by public through Marriage and Relationship Education (MRE) (Hawkins & Ooms, 2012). The aim is to enable individuals and couples who are low-income ea rners to have satisfaction and stable marriages. Mainly, this is despite challenging economic predicaments that they may encounter and threaten their union. The article also reports how the involved couples and individuals seem to enjoy the mode of education besides preferring its continuance due to the support that they normally get from the program. However, Hawkins and Ooms have observed how the pioneers of the programs are facing challenges in addressing specific and varying predicaments affecting marriages. This is to ensure effective handling of marriage issues.

Lap report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Lap - Lab Report Example Directly facing Polaris, the sky chart led to the location of the Big Dipper. The two locations were charted. By pointing one finger at Polaris and one at the middle of the â€Å"cup† of the Big Dipper, the relative angle to the earth position was estimated. Each 45 minutes thereafter, the same observations occurred and those findings charted. Conclusions and Analysis: Since the earth rotates toward the east, the Big Dipper appears to rise in relationship to the more westward star, Polaris. Lifelong observations of the sun and moon bear out this rising and setting phenomenon; however, viewing the path relative to another fixed point in space adds a layer of comprehension to the process. Interestingly, the Big Dipper, at first observation, seemed to be moving slightly east because the tail moved east relative to earth’s horizon. By measuring to the middle of the â€Å"cup†, the land visual cues were eliminated, and the Dipper then appeared to simply rise straight up. The results are as expected. Polaris does not move east or west noticeably, but does appear to rise then fall. The Big Dipper rises, but stays in a steady horizontal position from Polaris, but rises as Polaris falls during the observed

Induced Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Research Paper

Induced Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest - Research Paper Example TDuring an open heart surgery, there is significant risk of neurological injury on account of the lack of oxygen supply to brain as the circulation comes to a halt. In the absence of oxygen, the brain undergoes anaerobic metabolism as reported by Michelle E. (2011). This leads to damage to ATP dependent cellular functions with a resulting increase in calcium and glutamate excretion. The brain cells thus become more active, consuming more oxygen. With the increasing hypoxemia, further damage occurs leading to cell death. The resultant cerebral edema further enhances the damage. Also, as a result of all these processes, the blood-brain barrier also becomes ineffective further contributing to cerebral edema. As soon as the circulation returns after the heart starts pumping again, reperfusion injury occurs which adds up to the ongoing damage. Meanwhile, there is already an onset of the inflammatory reaction as a result of cell death leading to a release of neutrophils and macrophages in an attempt to remove the cellular debris. The resultant production of free radicals also catalyses the damaging process thus worsening the cerebral edema. This vicious cycle continues leading to brain death. ROLE OF THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA IN PREVENTING NEUROLOGICAL DAMAGE: Using the technique of therapeutic hypothermia can be useful to avoid all the above described damage. The therapeutically induced hypothermia after cardiac arrest takes following steps to decrease the extent of neurological damage: 1. It stabilizes the release of calcium and glutamate thus decreasing the degree of cellular death, 2. It stabilizes the blood brain barrier, 3. It causes a suppression of the inflammatory response, 4. It reduces cerebral edema by the help of above actions. INDUCED THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA AFTER CARDIAC ARREST 4 According to the report produced by Michelle E. (2011), there is a reduction in cerebral metabolism from 6% to 10% for every one degree Celcius drop in body temperature. This results in decreased oxygen requirements by the brain cells. Michelle E. (2011) simulates the effects of therapeutic hy

Death Represenataion in Sylvia Plaths Selected Poems Essay Example for Free

Death Represenataion in Sylvia Plaths Selected Poems Essay Death Representation in Sylvia Plaths Selected Poems Mohamed Fleih Hassan Instructor English Dept. / Abstract Death is one of the significant and recurrent themes in the poetry of Sylvia Plath. This paper aims at showing the poets attitudes towards death. Certain poems are selected to show the poets different attitudes to death: death as a rebirth or renewal, and death as an end. Most obvious factors shaped her attitudes towards death were the early death of her father that left her unsecured, and the unfaithfulness of her husband, Ted Hughes, who left her dejected and melancholic. Plaths Two views of a Cadaver Room, Sheep in Fog, A Birthday Present, Edge, and I Am Vertical are selected to outline her various perspectives towards death. Death Representation in Sylvia Plaths Selected Poems Generally speaking, death is represented in literature in various ways shifting from being an ominous terrifying force to a means of fulfillment and new beginnings. Death came to be a recurrent theme in Sylvia Plaths poetry due to the sudden death of her father. His death left the daughter with powerful feelings of defeat, resentment, grief and remorse. So the absence of the father had influenced her emotional life negatively to the extent that it is reflected clearly in her poems. Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) passed in periods of depression and there were precursors of suicidal act through fits of breakdown. Among the reasons for her early depression are the early death of her father that left her unsecured and her failure to attend a writing class at Harvard. Though she got a chair as a college guest-editor of the Mademoiselle, but she got monotonous with nothing to fall back on in New York. She broke down with the unfulfillment of her dream of being a successful writer. Therefore, she took an over-dose of sleeping-pills to end her misery, but she was saved. 1 After successful psychiatric sessions of recovery, Plath met Ted Hughes at Cambridge and they got married in 1956. She found in him a motive and substitute for the absence of the father. Hughes believed in her exceptional gift. In that period, the couple got success and fame with their poetic development, especially when they got children. Her poems had been published in Britain and America like, The Colossus 1960, which dealt with Plaths preoccupation with ideas of death and rebirth. Hughes love affair with another woman broke the heart of Plath, who suffered the devastation of the broken marriage. Shifting into a new flat in London, she started writing poems of rage, despair, love and vengeance but her poems were slowly accepted for publication. She suffered the traumatic breakdown and melancholia that she put her head in the oven in 11 April, 1963. 2 Death came to be a recurrent theme in the poetry of Sylvia Plath, and this theme has been represented in different ways in her poems. She did engage the reader either in a personal or an impersonal way to view death either as a liberating force or troubling depressing experience. Her depiction of death is reflected by the use of such techniques as imagery, language, structure, and tone. Her negative attitude towards death is caused by the early death of her father that left her dejected. In her poem Two views of a Cadaver Room (1959), she presents a pessimistic point of view towards death. This poem recounts an experience she had while dating a young Harvard medical student. She followed her boyfriend and some other medical students into an operating room where the students were busily dissecting a preserved corpse. The speaker and her boyfriend are horrified by the experience, the narrator offers two views of the cadaver room as alternate possibilities of depicting death in art; the physical view of death and the romantic view of death. One view is epitomized by the cadaver room contrasting the romantic one of death, which is represented by a detail from a Brueghel painting depicting two lovers, who are spell bounded by one another and careless to the destruction and devastation around them. The poem is written in two parts. The first part creates a futile setting in which things are described in a dissecting room, which suggests a mood of despondency. She did so by the use of wastelandish simile through comparing cadaver with burnt turkey: The day she visited the dissecting room They had four men laid out, black as burnt turkey, Already half unstrung. (II. 1-3) The place dissecting room suggests mercilessness and dehumanization. The dead bodies are anatomized and bones are removed which suggest a horrible image. The poetess compares death with the dissector, in which it takes off the spirit out of the body as did the doctor in dissecting the major constituents of bodies. Death here represents a terrifying force that annihilates mans life. The dissecting room serves as the epitome of scientific space, which is to say death’s space. And this is the space not only of female witnessing and female passivity, ‘she could scarcely make out anything/ In that rubble of skull plates and old leather’, but also of a bestowal from male to female, from male scientist to female poet. The process of dissecting the dead body indicates the savageness and carelessness of the surgeon, who cuts out the heart; the symbol of mans life and feelings. The surgeon is associated with death in the sense that he extracts the heart of the body, He hands her the cut-out heart like a cracked heirloom. The simile presents a very useless pessimistic image for the heart. The heart is not only reduced to a non-functioning machine, but a man hands death to a woman. The heart is the dearest to man and is compared to the heirloom which contains the memory of the dead, but it is uprooted maliciously. Death came to be an unavoidable inheritance. 4 In many of her poems, what Plath perceives is a death-figure which threatens to swallow her up unless she can reassert her living identity by fixing and thus immobilizing her enemy in a structured poetic image. Plath transforms death by assuming the role of a photo-journalist who observes the details in a way as to control the scene with the transforming power of language. She follows the technique of fusing various visual images in a meaningful way. Therefore, she transcends the literal immediacy of what she sees and creates order out of chaos. The second part paradoxes the first in showing a couple who are ignorant of the horrors of death. Their ignorance of the shadow of death around them intensifies their tragic catastrophic end: Two people only are blind to the carrion army: He, afloat in the sea of her blue satin Skirts, sings in the direction Of her bare shoulder, while she bends, Fingering a leaflet of music, over him, Both of th em deaf to the fiddle in the hands Of the death’s-head shadowing their song. (II. 13-19) Plath thinks that the second view was untenable. Confronting the literal physicality of death (as the narrator does in the first stanza), and ignoring that reality (as the lovers do in the Brueghel painting) seem hopelessly romantic and naive. The only way to relinquish the painful awareness of impending death is by relinquishing life itself. Plath committed suicide in her flat moving herself and her work into the domain of myth and psycho-mystical speculation. The second view of death is the bestowal of death that is interrupted by art. Paradoxically, this interruption of death by art is itself a kind of death, a freezing of life. The poem surveys with an eye which is blind and an ear which is deaf. If the lovers’ blindness and deafness to death’s music permits them to ‘flourish’, then this flourishing is ‘not for long’. Paradoxically, the work of art saves from death by paralyzing or fixing the living in an absolute present, which is to say a perfected present, but without future: This stalling of death’s triumph by art, this resistance of art to death, is itself a kind of death, since it reminds us that those lovers captured in art’s absolute present can do nothing at all. Just as there are two kinds of music here – the death’s-head’s and the lovers’ – so art is not placed in any simple opposition to death. 6 There are two kinds of death: on the one hand, death as process, as rebirth or renewal, as imaginary; and, on the other hand, death as end, as factuality. Plath rides into death in Sheep in Fog (1963) but death is no longer conceived as renewal. The objective in ‘Sheep in Fog’ becomes the ‘dark water’: They threaten To let me through to a heaven Starless and fatherless, a dark water. (II. 13-15) The sense of dissolution is overpowering in this poem through thee description of the background of the poem. Each line and each stanza of the poem concerns the disappearance of something. hills step off into whiteness, Morning has been blackening and the starless heaven leave her dejected and wretched. 7 Sheep in Fog suggests that there is a radical sundering of poet and poetry, a death of the poet that is the life of the poetry, if only as that which is in mourning for the poet. The impersonality of Plath’s later poetry is not arrived at through an ethical self-sacrifice of the poet’s empirical, autobiographical self in the interests of a universal validity, a kind of immortality or proof against death. Rather, it is an impersonality in which there is a highly paradoxical and unstable relation between poet and poetry. 8 A Birthday Present (1962) is another dramatic monologue in which terror and death predominate. The persona longs to know the gift presented by his friend. The speaker, her friend, and the object talk to each other in the kitchen. She imagines that the present may be bones, a pearl button, and an ivory tusk. Each of these things has white colour and suggests the nature of the birthday present that she wants. The three white objects—bones, pearl, and ivory tusk—all suggest death because they were once part of living organisms. The persona speaks of the veils around the present. In order to remove the concealing veil, which causes her anxiety and fear, the speaker demands an end to the screening off of death from view. She compares her life at the end of the poem to the arrival by mail of parts of her own corpse. At the end, the speaker demands as her birthday present not the previously mentioned symbols of death or the figure representing death, but death itself: 9 If it were death I would admire the deep gravity of it, its timeless eyes. I would know you were serious. There would be a nobility then, there would be a birthday. And the knife not carve, but enter Pure and clean as the cry of a baby, And the universe slide from my side. (II. 52-58) The poem dramatizes her birthday to be her death. The drama of A Birthday Present is frightening in its transformation of a domestic and happy occasion into a celebration of suicide. It captures the movement of the speakers mind as she throws herself into the sequence of steps that might lead her to kill herself. Plaths second perspective towards death is that it may be chosen by the individual himself as a means of self-destruction, rather than acting as a horrible exterminating force. The poetess aims to show the suffering and agony of the persona in selecting death as a means of liberation of the antagonistic world of the person. This perspective is reflected in Plaths Edge, which was written on 5 February 1963 and is thought to be Plath’s last poem. According to Seamus Heaney, one of the biographers of Plath, the poem was a suicide note, which is to say an entirely personal, autobiographical communication from a distressed melancholic woman. For this reason, the poem is limited by the literal death of the poet, a death that cannot help but be read back into the poem. 10 This death is a negativity that renews, and works within an economy of life. This is not just an imaginary death, but death as a figure for the imagination itself, as a negativity that may be harnessed in the interests of life. This poem carries the reader not only to the very limit of life, but also to the limit of poetry. And yet, if in this poem the woman is ‘perfected’, it is through a death that takes the form of an aesthetic object, but in which the emphasis none the less falls very much on illusion. The speaker in this poem doesn’t endure the anguish of his life and feels that his misery is over: The illusion of a Greek necessity Flows in the scrolls of her toga Her bare Feet seem to be saying: We have come so far, it is over. (II. 4-8) The bare feet symbolize the lack of protection and immunity. The tone looks submissive but it indicates the willingness to accept death as an outlet and escape of the aggressive world. The persona feels alienated in the world around him. No one cares for the personas death even the moon, The moon has nothing to be sad about/ Staring from her hood of bone. Therefore, she starts looking for something beyond death, which is the longing for perfection. Usually roses symbolize purity, so she compares her folding of the dead bodies of children as petals of a rose close. Therefore she thinks that through death, she will have a new beginning. 11 Death as a means of rebirth is reflected in Plaths I Am Vertical. She sets images taken from nature as a background of her poem. This use of nature as a setting for her poem shows death not as a horrible monstrous thing. She presented two fruitful lively images of nature and then she negates her alikeness to them: I am not a tree with my root in the spoil Sucking up minerals and motherly love So that each March I may gleam into leaf, Nor am I the beauty of a garden bed Attracting my share of Ahs and spectacularly painted, Unknowing I must soon unpetal. (II. 2-7) The persona feels rejection of the surroundings when the trees and flowers have been strewing their cool odours. I walk among them, but none of them are noticing. This represents the negligence of society and the social restraints that the individual feels. each March I may gleam into leaf suggests the continuity of life and regeneration. She is longing to be united with nature via death; the nature that symbolizes serenity and tranquility, Then the sky and I are in open conversation. The word sky gives death the sense of spirituality and elevation. The speaker is not satisfied in her life and she accepts death as a means for recognition: And I shall be useful when I lie down finally: Then the trees may touch me for once, and the flowers have time for me. (II. 19-20) Plaths life is ended in a world of death and despondency from which there is no rebirth or transformation.